APPLICATION – STEEL SKELETON AND ROOF STRUCTURES:
Exact locations and verticality of steel columns are very important subjects to be considered, because it is impossible to recover such mistakes after the construction. Columns that have been erected and fixed with bolts must not be left without being secured by cross ties. Construction and final connections of the upper sections must only be continued after the columns have been leveled, concrete-steel connections (Bz) have been reinforced, footing plate bases have been filled with mortar and such mortar has been dried up. (Application of double nut must be preferred.)

Use of an angle bar will be beneficial in column-beam connections for the purposes of facilitating installations and strengthening connections.

End-to-end connections must be strengthened by fixing reinforcement plates to the sides as well as to the top and bottom sections of connections to the possible extent.

Wind and Earthquake connections must not be left under the walls or renderings and they must be arranged to have an offset of 1-2 cm outside the rendering layer.
Angled washers must be used to compensate the lateral slopes in bolt connections of U and I profile irons.
All the free sides and corners must be rounded to have a radius of at least 3 mm.
Reverse inclination beveling must always be remembered especially in wide-span roof girdles and beams.
Pipes with cracks or water leakages may be used in pipe works as longs as such mistakes are not important and alongside the lengths of pipes. (Free ends must be covered to prevent inner surface rots).
Connections of purlins using bolts facilitate the installation works while placing supports on their inclined sections where they are fixed on the framework provide benefits with regard to the static issues.

WORK SAFETY - LADDERS, PLATFORMS, BANISTERS:
It is useful to place an angle bar under each string piece in metal plate ladders. In case there are no such details in the project, welding must be applied above and below the string piece.
Inclinations are made on the steel structure floors and platforms as well as the steps of stairs for water not collected at such locations after washing and raining periods. (The same measurements must be taken also in the concrete floors and foundations where these structure are to constructed).

Offsets must be made in every 50-60 cm using profiles like angle bars, etc. on the ramps especially when flat sheet metal are used on ground floors to prevent sliding while walking. Banister rails must also be made especially for holding on in places with vibrations.

Banisters of 90-110 cm in height must be made on the sides and ends of the ground floors and platforms as well as the stairways. Such banisters must incorporate vertical elements at distances of 50-60 while there must be at least one horizontal element alongside the banister.

Flat edges of profile irons are directed inside in such banisters. 1 ¼ in. pipes are used in the vertical and horizontal elements of banisters and banister rails made of round pipes. (For the purposes of ease and accuracy in welding, it is preferred to have diameter of plunging bar smaller than the one that to which it is attached. The end of the plunging bar must otherwise be smashed for safety purposes).
A (skirting element) is made in the bottom sections of ground floor and platform banisters by leaving a maximum opening of 1 cm with the ground surface to prevent people or tools, equipments, etc. sliding and falling down while working.

Safety meshes are required in the stairways climbing to distances of 6 m or higher from the any ground floor surfaces. Meshes start at the heights of 2.2-3 m depending on the situation.

WORKING WITH RIVETS AND BOLTS:
Holes for the application of rivets and bolts are made by using drilling equipments. Punching equipments may be used for the holes up to 20 mm provided that the difference between lower and upper diameters will not exceed 1 mm; but, welding machines will never be used in making or enlarging holes. Holes must not be 2 mm larger than bolts and 1 mm larger than rivets to be used.
When two holed pieces are placed on top of each other, a bar with a diameter that is 2 mm less than their projected diameters must easily be passed through the combined hole. Such holes may be aligned by using reamers in such cases. Elements having a higher offset are replaced. (A new hole may also be made after filling the existing hole and welding another piece on that place).

GUSSET PLATES (JOINT PLATES):
Gussets must be well cut and be grinded when necessary.
None of the gusset joints must be clearly visible at the corners while care must be taken to the horizontal and vertical alignments of rectangular gusset edges in the central joint of cross ties.
In cases of using gussets in piped constructions, the plate is inserted into the split pipe and welded at its top and bottom sections.

WELDING:
Unless otherwise specified, only the electric welding method is used.
Electrodes are selected according to the type of equipments in use. They must be baked before using in cold weather and humid environments.

There must not be any burrs and slag, etc. as well as risky materials like oil on the surfaces where welding will be applied; and surfaces must be cleaned well just before welding by using abrasives, wire brushes, chasers, etc. equipments.

Welding bents must be made in end-to-end welding operations.
There must be no deformations on surfaces after welding. Point welding is necessary for this purpose on the alternate sides.
Welded area must be cleaned from residuals after welding operation by using a hammer and smoothed by making use of a chaser, grinder and etc.

It is usually sufficient to make eye checks after welding regarding its accuracy and thickness while you can check its strength and tendency to have cracks by using a hammer. Welds are controlled through (x-rays) in important welding applications.
Painting works cannot be started without cleaning and checking the welded areas.